West Somerset Mineral Railway

The West Somerset Mineral Railway was built between 1857 and 1864 to transport iron ore from the top of the Brendon Hills down to the port of Watchet.  It was then shipped across the Bristol Channel to South Wales and smelted at Ebbw Vale.  It was not a great success commercially and the mines closed in 1883.  The railway, which was 11 miles long, closed in 1898.

Iron ore had probably been mined on the Brendon Hills intermittently since the Iron Age.  The mines were open trenches on the surface, which followed the lines of the ore lodes.  In 1839 Sir Thomas Lethbridge, who owned an estate on the Brendon Hills, opened Lothbrook Mine. He proposed the building of a tramway from the Brendon Hills down to Watchet but nothing came of this.

The Ebbw Vale Company experienced rapid growth in demand for wrought iron for railway tracks and by the 1850s they were running short of iron ore.  They looked to the Brendon Hills as a new source of supply.  The iron ore in the Brendon Hills is low in sulphur and phosphorus but high in manganese.  This was the type of ore needed for the Bessemer process of making steel, which was used in Ebbw Vale from the 1860s.

The Brendon Hill Mining Company was formed in 1849 and obtained a 2 year mining licence from Sir Walter Trevelyan, who owned a large amount of land on the Brendon Hills.  In 1853 the Brendon Hill Mining Company, which was by this time a partnership between Thomas Brown and Joseph Robinson, acquired the rights to mine in the Brendon Hills.  In 1854 mines were opened at Ralegh's Cross, Gupworthy and Bearland Wood.   Between 1855 and 1861 Colton Pits, Carnarvon, Eisenhill and Burrow Farm mines were opened.  Morgan Morgans from South Wales became the General Manager of the Brendon Hills Mines in 1858 and engineer to the West Somerset Mineral Railway.  Further mines were opened 1864-6: Roman, Carew, Withiel Hill and Smallcombe.  

A mining settlement grew up near the top of the Incline at Brendon Hill from 1855-67.  Houses, churches, chapels, schools and shops were built.  Houses for miners were also built at Gupworthy, Sminhays and Ralegh's Cross.

Construction of the railway began at Watchet in 1856.  The first train ran from Watchet to Roadwater in May 1857 and by the end of the year the line had reached the bottom of the Incline at Comberow.  The Incline was designed by Welshman Rice Hopkins with a gradient of 1:4.  Rice Hopkins died in 1857 before the line had got as far as Comberow.  The railway was completed to the top of the Incline in 1861, including the two winding drums needed to haul the trains up it.  The line was extended to Goosemoor in 1864.  

In 1865 the West Somerset Mineral Railway was opened to passenger traffic from Comberow to Watchet, with additional stations at Roadwater and Washford.  

The peak year for iron ore production was 1877 when 47,000 tons was produced.  However the iron ore deposits of the Brendon Hills are fragmented and were expensive to work.  In the late 1870s the price of steel collapsed due to an economic depression and imports of cheaper iron from Spain.  At around the same time the Bessemer process was replaced by the Gilchrist-Thomas' method, which didn't require ore low in phosphorus. 

After the closure of the railway line in 1898 the line became derelict but in 1907 the Somerset Mineral Syndicate leased the line and opened some of the mines again, as steel prices had risen.  However it was not successful and the company was wound up in 1910.  The last trains to run on the Mineral Line did so in 1913, as part of a trial into automatic railway signalling by an Australian named Arthur Angus. In 1916 the UK government requisitioned the track for use in the First World War.   The West Somerset Mineral Railway Company was finally wound up in 1925.

In 2008 the West Somerset Mineral Railway Project conserved the remains of the Winding House at the top of the Incline, Bearland Wood Ventilation Flue and the Langham Hill Engine House.  This project was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. The Burrow Farm Engine House was conserved by Exmoor National Park Authority in 1990.  The former station house, goods and engine sheds can still be seen close to Watchet Harbour.

Winding House at the top of the Incline

Inside the Winding House at the top of the Incline

Artist's impression of what the area around the Winding House at the top of the Incline looked like when it was in use

There is a small parking area immediately to the west of the Winding House on the B3224.  However I wouldn't advise trying to turn right out of it, as you can't see anything and the traffic is usually going very fast at this point.   Grid reference: ST 023 345.

Burrow Hill Engine House

Burrow Farm Engine House (grid reference ST 008 345), which is a Cornish style engine house, is located on private land.  There is a permissive footpath to it from an unclassified road at Naked Boy's Bridge.  There is only parking for one car there.  The footpath is closed in April every year and no dogs are allowed at any time, due to the presence of sheep.  The permissive path is a dead end, so you have to walk back the same way.



Burrow Hill Engine House

The small building on the left of the photo is the remains of a drying shed, which was used to dry miners' clothing.



Inside Burrow Hill Engine House

Line of the Mineral Railway near Burrow Hill

Brendon Hill Chapel

This chapel was originally called Beulah Bible Christian Chapel.  It was built in 1861 but was derelict by 1900.  It reopened in 1910 and is still in use today as a Methodist Church.  The Bible Christians amalgamated with the United Methodist Church, which in turn reunited with the Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists in 1932.  Grid reference: ST 028 343.

Remains of Langham Hill Engine House

Langham Hill Engine House (grid reference SS 977 356) was built in 1866.  It housed a second-hand steam beam engine brought over from South Wales.  This was used to pump water from the mine and to bring the ore to the surface. In 1878 it was dismantled and moved by train to Burrow Farm where the remains of it still stand.  There is a large car park at Chargot Wood on the north side of the B3224.  Langham Hill Engine House is about 400 metres north east of the car park just off a forestry track.  The Bearland Wood Ventilation Flue is about the same distance in a north westerly direction from the car park.

 

Footings of Langham Hill Engine House



Bearland Wood Ventilation Flue

Bearland Wood Ventilation Flue (grid reference SS 973 357) was built in 1860 to remove poisonous gases and smoke and fumes from the rock blasting from the mine below.  A fire was lit at the base of the chimney stack, which drew contaminated air up a vertical shaft from the mine and thus allowed fresh air to flow into the mine from the adit.  No iron ore was found in the Bearland Wood adit and the mine and flue were abandoned in 1864.

 Bearland  Wood Ventilation Flue

 

Start of the Old Mineral Line footpath in Watchet

 

Remains of the Old Mineral Line in a private Roadwater Garden

 

Former Station House, Watchet Harbour

 

Former Goods Shed, Watchet Harbour

Hill House at Brendon Hill

This was formerly the Mines Office

Artist's impression of the village of Brendon Hill when the Mineral Line was in use

Bottom of the Incline at Comberow

Selworthy Cross

Selworthy Cross isn't easy to find, despite being no more than 300 metres from the car park at the end of the road near Selworthy Beacon. It is not well signposted from the car park or from other directions and neither is it marked on the Ordnance Survey Landranger or Explorer maps.  The grid reference is SS 908 475.

The cross is a simple but large wooden cross. There is a stone bench with a few verses from Psalm 148 inscribed on it in front of the cross.  The cross was erected in memory of Thomas Dyke Acland (1809-1896), the 11th Baronet.  He was an MP and an educational reformer and his family owned the Holnicote Estate, which includes the village of Selworthy, Bossington Hill and Selworthy Beacon.  He died at Killerton House near Exeter (another estate owned by the Acland family and their main home) and is buried at Columbjohn Chapel on that estate.  Both estates were given to the National Trust in 1944.

The cross was until recently almost surrounded by trees but an area in front of the cross has now been cleared, so the view from the cross has improved.  The quotation on the back of the stone bench is written in Latin but an English translation has been provided on a wooden board located between the bench and the cross.  This is what it says:

"Praise God from the earth: dragons and all the depths
Fire, hail, ice, snow, storm winds that obey his word.
Mountains and all hills: orchards and every cedar
Wild beasts and all cattle: serpents and winged birds
Praise the name of God because his name alone is exalted
His praise is above heaven and earth."

Psalm 148 verses 7-10 and 13

Selworthy Cross and Bench

 

The View over Exmoor from Selworthy Cross

Selworthy Cross

Memorial Bench with Latin Inscription

English Translation of Part of Psalm 148

 

Small signpost to Selworthy Cross at a crossroads in Lynch Combe

This sign is very easy to miss.  There is another larger one nearby but that it is half a mile from the Cross and there are no more signs at the next two junctions of footpaths and tracks.